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PLOTTER INSTRUCTIONS PLOTTER is an ASCII data plotting and evaluation program that can be run on any PC/AT compatible computer with at least 640K bytes of RAM and a standard CGA, EGA or VGA color monitor. Both Epson compatible and HP LaserJet compatible printers are supported. Screen images of EGA and VGA plots can be saved to disk in PCX format for importing to word processors. If a MOUSE is detected in the system, it is automatically supported. If you want PLOTTER to load a data file at start-up time, you can type PLOTTER FILENAME at the DOS prompt. The file will be read as DATA FILE TYPE #1, and the program will start at the Options Menu (see below). The DOS command line option makes it possible to call PLOTTER from inside your own programs. For example, in BASIC you would include the program line: SHELL "PLOTTER FILENAME". In general, default input responses are indicated by an asterisk (*). Inputs that require key strokes not followed by ENTER are indicated by square brackets []. Inputs that require ENTER to complete the entry are indicated by parentheses (). You can back out of most prompts in the program by pressing the ESCAPE key. The use of the MOUSE is intuitive throughout the program. Place the MOUSE CURSOR on the item to be selected and click the LEFT BUTTON. In general, the LEFT BUTTON is treated as an ENTER key press, and the RIGHT BUTTON is treated as an ESCAPE key press. You can use the MOUSE to answer single key prompts, such as [Y/*N] or F2=LABEL, but most program inputs require use of the keyboard. For the menus in PLOTTER, you can use the UP and DOWN ARROW keys to scroll through the items and press ENTER for your selection. Or you can press the highlighted "hot key." To use your MOUSE, place the CURSOR on the desired item and click the LEFT BUTTON. When you start PLOTTER you will see the Main Menu, consisting of the following selections: (R)ead Data File from Disk Create or (E)dit Data Files Change Plotter (S)etup (I)nstructions for Plotter Shell to D(O)S Environment (Q)uit the Program Press the (O) key to shell to DOS, and enter "exit" to return to PLOTTER. Press (Q), ESCAPE, or the RIGHT MOUSE BUTTON to quit. Pressing (I) will let you read through the instructions for PLOTTER contained in the ASCII text file PLOTTER.DOC (which is the document you are presently reading). Use the UP and DOWN ARROW or PAGE keys to move through the document. Place the MOUSE CURSOR on the top or bottom border lines and click the LEFT BUTTON to scroll up or down one line, or place the MOUSE CURSOR on the ARROW ICONS and click the LEFT BUTTON to move up or down one page. The (I)nstructions feature requires PLOTTER.DOC to be in the default directory. (R)ead Data File from Disk You will be presented with a file selection menu that allows you to navigate to all drives and directories. Use the UP/DN ARROW KEYS, PAGE UP/DN, HOME/END or the MOUSE CURSOR to move the highlight bar (selecting the ".." token moves you up one directory). You can select a data file by pressing the ENTER key, or by DOUBLE-CLICKING the LEFT MOUSE button, on the highlighted file. When you are done, the program will take you to the Options Menu (see below). Press ESCAPE, or the RIGHT MOUSE button, to enter a file name manually. You will see the prompt "Enter the FILE NAME of your DATA SET." Press ESCAPE again to cancel the (Read) option and return to the Main Menu. Use this option to read your data file(s) into PLOTTER. The program can plot up to a total of 60,000 data values (for example, 30000 X-Y pairs in one data set). For DATA FILE TYPE #1, the number of columns in your data file, and the length of the file, will be automatically determined as the data is read. For DATA FILE TYPE #2, you can select up to 9 separate data files (from the file menu only), each with different numbers of points and different X axis values. This can be handy for "batch" processing a group of individual files. Create or (E)dit Data Files Use this option to manually create or edit small data files. You will be presented with the file selection menu (see above). If you want to create a new data file, press ESCAPE and you will get the prompt "Enter a FILE name for your DATA SET." Press ESCAPE, or the RIGHT MOUSE BUTTON, again to cancel. If the file name you type in does not exist, you will be asked if you want to create it. You are then taken to the data editing screen. Use the MOUSE CURSOR to position the editing cursor, scroll the data screen (by clicking on the ARROW ICONS or the BORDER LINES) and select options from the bottom status bar. The editing keys are as follows: ARROW KEYS .......... MOVE CURSOR OR SCROLL DATA PAGE UP/DN .......... PREVIOUS/NEXT SCREEN HOME/END ............ START/END OF A LINE CTRL-HOME/END ....... START/END OF THE FILE INSERT .............. TOGGLE INSERT/TYPEOVER ENTER ............... START A NEW LINE TAB ................. INSERT OR TYPEOVER 5 SPACES DEL/BACKSPACE ....... DELETE DATA AND LINES CTRL-Y .............. CUT CURRENT LINE INTO BUFFER SHIFT-INS ........... PASTE SINGLE LINE FROM BUFFER CTRL-X .............. SORT DATA BY X AXIS VALUES ESCAPE .............. SAVE FILE AND OPTIONALLY QUIT Enter your data according to the format shown below in the des- cription of the Change Plotter (S)etup option. The data on each line must be separated by AT LEAST ONE SPACE. Note that PLOTTER cannot use more than 10 columns of data, and that the maximum file length is about 1200 lines. Make sure that your data is entered correctly. For example, DO NOT include commas or non-numerical characters. Press ESCAPE, or click the RIGHT MOUSE BUTTON, to the quit editor. You will then have the chance to save any changes you have made. Finally, the program takes you to the Options Menu (see below). Change Plotter (S)etup Use this option to change the default settings in PLOTTER. The new settings will remain in effect while the current session of PLOTTER is running. The first prompt is "Select DATA FILE TYPE to read:" PLOTTER can read two different file formats, as shown below. The program initially defaults to DATA FILE TYPE #1. Note that all data files must have the data separated by AT LEAST ONE SPACE. DATA FILE TYPE #1: Plot up to 10 columns of data from one file. X1 Y11 Y12 .. Y1m Data columns have a common X axis and X2 Y21 Y22 .. Y2m the same number of points. You can : : : .. : redefine the X axis column. Max size Xn Yn1 Yn2 .. Ynm for the data is 60,000 real values. DATA FILE TYPE #2: Plot up to 9 separate X-Y data files. X1 Y1 X2 Y2 Data sets can have different X axis values and numbers : : of points. Max data size for ALL sets is 60,000 values. Xn Yn The next prompt is "Select [X]-Y or [S]EMI-LOG plot:" PLOTTER de- faults to X-Y plots. Press [S] to plot the X axis values as BASE 10 LOGARITHMS. Semi-Log plots are useful for data whose X axis values span a range from small decimals to large whole numbers. Note that PLOTTER automatically reverts to the default X-Y plot type when you select the Curve Fitting or Signal Processing Menus. The third prompt is "Show GRID LINES on plots?" You will auto- matically get dashed grid lines on your plots indicating the axis divisions. Press [N]o to get tick marks instead of lines. The final prompt is "Select maximum FFT size:" The (S)etup module asks for the maximum FFT size, with the default being AUTO. Legal FFT sizes for PLOTTER are integer powers of two: (256, 512, 1024, 2048, 4096, 8192, 16384). Entering the word AUTO causes the program to select the largest FFT size that can fit your data size. After you have loaded your data, the Options Menu is presented: (P)lot the Data Only (S)ignal Processing Menu (C)urve Fitting Menu Return to (M)ain Menu Press (M), ESCAPE, or click the RIGHT MOUSE BUTTON, to return to the Main Menu. You can also press ESCAPE in answer to any prompt described below to return to the Options Menu. NOTE: If you have a data file already loaded, and you Return to (M)ain Menu to review the (I)nstructions or change the (S)etup, you will be returned to the Options Menu so you can continue evaluating your data. (P)lot the Data Only Use this option to plot your raw data. The option has slightly different prompts for each DATA FILE TYPE. DATA FILE TYPE #1: You are first asked "Which COLUMN of DATA is the X AXIS?" The default selection is column 1. If you choose a different column, then all the curves will be plotted using that column as the common X axis. This is done by SWAPPING the current X axis column with the selected column while the plot is made. It is your responsibility to know the structure of your data so that you end up plotting the curves that you want. If your data file contains more than 2 columns (X and Y), then you are asked "How many CURVES do you want to PLOT?" The default is the total number of curves that were detected in your data file. If you select less than the default number you are asked "PLOT which CURVE(S)?" Enter the column numbers you want to plot. DATA FILE TYPE #2: If you have read more than one data set, you are first asked "How many CURVES do you want to PLOT?" The default is the number of data files you have read. If you select less than the default number then you are asked "PLOT which CURVE(S)?" Enter the numbers of the data sets you want to plot. Recall that for this DATA FILE TYPE each curve can have a different X axis. You are then asked if the plot should "SHOW original DATA points?" The default answer is [N]o. If you select [Y]es then small symbols will be plotted indicating your original data. PLOTTER will pause after showing the data points. Press ESCAPE, or the RIGHT MOUSE BUTTON, to leave the points unconnected. Press ANY OTHER KEY, or the LEFT MOUSE BUTTON, to connect the points with lines. If you are plotting just two curves, you will be asked "Do you want a DUAL PLOT?" The default answer is [N]o. Selecting [Y]es will plot the first curve on the upper half of the screen and the second curve on the lower half of the screen. Press ENTER to continue plotting your selected curves. After the last curve has been plotted, press ESCAPE to return to the Options Menu. See the PLOTTING OPTIONS below for details of the features available during plotting. The Signal Processing Menu consists of the following options: Calculate (F)FT of the Data (D)igitally Filter the Data Return to (O)ptions Menu Press (O), ESCAPE, or click the RIGHT MOUSE BUTTON, to return to the Options Menu. You can also press ESCAPE in answer to any of the prompts below to return to the Signal Processing Menu. Calculate (F)FT of the Data PLOTTER has a valuable feature that lets you evaluate the frequency content of time domain data, for example from a data acquisition system, using the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). At least 256 data values are required. Also, the X axis time data must be all positive, and must have a constant time step. If you have read more than one data set, you are asked "FFT which DATA SET?" The default is set #1. If the size of your data set is EXACTLY the size of a legal FFT window (256, 512, 1024, 2048, 4096, 8192 or 16384 points), then the program will prompt "Select HANNING, FLAT TOP or RECTANGULAR window: [H/F/*R]" (see below). If the amount of data is not an even FFT size, you will be asked to "Select START of TIME WINDOW for NMAX point FFT," where NMAX is the currently selected FFT size. PLOTTER will automatically select the largest FFT that will fit your data set, unless you have specified the FFT size in the (S)etup module. This prompt lets you tell the program where in your data set to locate the NMAX number of points that will be sent to the FFT subroutine. The final prompt is "Select HANNING, FLAT TOP or RECTANGULAR window: [H/F/*R]." The default answer is [R]ectangular, which is the same as applying no window. The [H]anning window is used for identifying closely spaced frequency components in the spectrum. The [F]lat Top window produces magnitudes in the spectrum that more accurately show the amplitudes of the components in the original time domain data. Consult a text on Digital Signal Processing for details. The time domain data is plotted on the upper half of the screen. Note that the F6=MATH option can be used to SMOOTH or SCALE the data in the window before computing the FFT (the original full data set is not affected). Press Q to quit without an FFT. Press ENTER to compute the FFT. The frequency spectrum is then plotted on the lower half of the screen. The PLOTTING OPTIONS are again available. Press ESCAPE, or click the RIGHT MOUSE BUTTON, to quit the plot. Before you are returned to the Signal Processing Menu, you are asked if you want to "Save FREQUENCY and MAGNITUDE values to disk?" This allows you to store the spectrum that has just been computed. The default answer is [N]o. If you select [Y]es, you will be asked to "Enter a NAME for your FREQUENCY FILE." Press ESCAPE, or the RIGHT MOUSE BUTTON, to cancel the file save option. (D)igitally Filter the Data This feature lets you apply a LOW PASS, HIGH PASS or NOTCH filter to your data set(s). Consult a text on Digital Signal Processing for details. At least 256 data values are required for filtering. Also, the X axis time data must be all positive and must have a constant time step. Due to the numerical processing required, a maximum of 20000 Y axis data values can be filtered. If you have read more than one data set, you are asked "FILTER which DATA SET?" The default is set #1. The Filter Design Screen then appears. The first prompt is "Select LOW PASS, HIGH PASS or NOTCH FILTER: [L/H/*N]." The default is a [N]OTCH filter, which can be used to remove specific frequencies from your data. If you select a NOTCH filter, you will be asked to "Enter CENTER FREQUENCY for FILTER: (0 to FMAX Hz)" where FMAX is one half of the sampling frequency detected in your data. This value is the center of the frequency range where the filter will operate. You are then asked to "Enter BANDWIDTH for FILTER: (FRQ Hz)" where an arbitrary default value, FRQ, is offered. This value defines the frequency range over which the filter will operate. The NOTCH filter is a 2nd order INFINITE IMPULSE RESPONSE (IIR) filter. For a LOW or HIGH PASS filter, you are asked to "Enter CUTOFF FREQUENCY for FILTER: (0 to FMAX Hz)." This value determines the range of frequencies to be passed. The next prompt is "Enter ORDER of FILTER: (50)." This value determines the "rolloff" characteristics of the filter. The PASS-type filters in PLOTTER are FINITE IMPULSE RESPONSE (FIR) filters, and use a VON HANN window to compensate for amplitude loss. Note that your data can be filtered multiple times (allowing you to create, for example, a BAND PASS filter effect). However, be aware that LOW PASS digital filtering will NOT remove any ALIAS signals that are already in the data. After some processing time, you are presented with a frequency plot showing the attenuation (in dB) of your filter. This lets you verify that the filter will perform as expected. Press Q to quit without implementing the filter, and return to the Signal Processing Menu. Press ESCAPE to continue. After more processing, the filtered data is plotted on the upper half of the screen. To let you evaluate the spectrum of the filtered data, an FFT is computed from the first NMAX points, where NMAX is the largest FFT size that can be fitted to the data up to 8192 points. Press Q to quit without the FFT. Press ENTER to calculate the FFT and display the spectrum on the lower half of the screen. The PLOTTING OPTIONS are then available. Before you are returned to the Signal Processing Menu, you are asked if you want to "Save TIME and FILTERED DATA values to disk?" The default answer is [N]o. If you select [Y]es, you will be asked to "Enter a NAME for the FILTERED DATA FILE." Press ESCAPE, or click the RIGHT MOUSE BUTTON, to cancel the file save option. The Curve Fitting Menu consists of the following options: (C)ubic Spline Curve Fit (P)olynomial Curve Fit (A)utomatic Curve Fit Return to (O)ptions Menu Press (O), ESCAPE, or click the RIGHT MOUSE BUTTON, to return to the Options Menu. You can also press ESCAPE in answer to any of the prompts below to return to the Curve Fitting Menu. If you have read more than one data set, you are first asked "How many CURVES do you want to FIT?" The default is the number of data sets you have read. If you enter less than the default number, you are asked "FIT which CURVE(S)?" You are then asked if the plot should "SHOW original DATA points?" The default answer is [N]o. If you select [Y]es then small symbols will be plotted indicating your original data. PLOTTER will pause after showing the data points. Press ESCAPE, or the RIGHT MOUSE BUTTON, to leave the points unconnected. Press ANY OTHER KEY, or the LEFT MOUSE BUTTON, to connect the points with the curve fit. If you have selected JUST ONE DATA SET for curve fitting, after the plot of the curve fit has been presented you will be asked if you want to "Save X and Y CURVE FIT values to disk?" The default answer is [N]o. If you select [Y]es, you will be asked to "Enter a NAME for the CURVE FIT DATA FILE." Press ESCAPE, or click the RIGHT MOUSE BUTTON, to cancel the file save and return to the Curve Fitting Menu. (C)ubic Spline Curve Fit This option will perform a CUBIC SPLINE curve fit of your data set(s). The cubic splines will always pass through your original data points. The most data that can be handled is 1000 points for a single data set, or 500 points each for multiple data sets. Press ENTER to continue plotting your selected curves. After the last curve has been plotted, press ESCAPE to return to the Curve Fitting Menu. Note that for this kind of curve fit, the F6=MATH option is not available. This is because you can modify your original data first, and then perform the curve fit. See the PLOTTING OPTIONS below for details of the features available during plotting. (P)olynomial Curve Fit This feature performs a least squares polynomial curve fit on your data set(s). The most data that can be handled is 500 points per data set. For each of the data sets you have selected, you will be asked to "Enter the DEGREE for POLYNOMIAL #." Each data set can be fitted with a different order polynomial. The legal range for the DEGREE of each polynomial is from 1 to 19 (integer values). You can use the F6=MATH key to view the coefficients of the polynomials for each data set (see the description of the PLOTTING OPTIONS below). Press ENTER to continue plotting your selected curves. After the last curve has been plotted, press ESCAPE, or the RIGHT MOUSE BUTTON, to return to the Curve Fitting Menu. (A)utomatic Curve Fit This option automatically selects the curve fit that best describes your data set(s). The following three types of curves are used: Linear: Y = A + B * X Exponential: Y = A * EXP(B*X) Power: Y = A * X^B The fit that produces the highest correlation coefficient (R^2) for each slected data set is plotted. The most data that can be handled is 500 points per set. Use the F6=MATH key during plotting to view the equation and coefficients for the curve. Press ENTER to continue plotting your curves. After the last curve has been plotted, press ESCAPE, or the RIGHT MOUSE BUTTON, to return to the Curve Fitting Menu. PLOTTING OPTIONS During plotting you can press Q to QUIT the plot screen and return IMMEDIATELY to the previous menu. If you are plotting multiple curves, press ENTER, or click the LEFT MOUSE BUTTON, to CONTINUE with the next plot. After the last curve has been plotted, press ESCAPE, or click the RIGHT MOUSE BUTTON, to QUIT the plotting screen and return to the previous menu. You can also press the ESCAPE or Q keys while a curve is being generated to stop the plotting. After each curve has been plotted, you will see a list of options (F1 through F7) presented at the bottom of the screen. They can be selected by the corresponding function key, or by positioning the MOUSE CURSOR on the item and clicking the LEFT MOUSE BUTTON. Each option contains a number of utilities. F1=LIMITS: You can select the upper and lower limits, and the number of axis divisions, for both the X and Y axes. Press ENTER alone to retain the current value. Note that you can select the lower limits (XLOW or YLOW) to be greater than the upper limits (XMAX or YMAX) if you so choose. If you are plotting multiple curves, the plots will be regenerated starting at the first curve. F2=LABEL: This key activates one of the best features of PLOTTER. It allows you to type ASCII text ANYWHERE on the plot screen. You can type axis labels, plot titles, and identifying labels for your curve(s). The cursor is originally placed above the upper left corner of the plot. Use the ARROW keys, HOME, END, PAGE UP and PAGE DOWN keys to move the cursor around, or you can use the MOUSE CURSOR to position the text cursor by clicking the LEFT MOUSE BUTTON. Press the ESCAPE key when you are done labeling. Note that the F1=LIMITS, F3=REPLOT, F4=SINGLE and F6=MATH functions will redraw the plots and wipe out your labels, so it's best to wait until you have the plot just the way you like it before labeling (however, see the discussion of the S and L keys below). F3=REPLOT: This function acts like an "oops" key. It replots the curve(s) with the plot limits reset to the original autoscaled values. If you are plotting multiple curves, the plots will be regenerated starting at the first curve. F4=SINGLE: If you are plotting multiple curves, or have a dual plot (as in the FFT option), this key will plot the current curve on a single plot of its own. If you are plotting a curve fit, the plot will be autoscaled according to the maximum and minimum values in the curve fit. Press ESCAPE to return to the multiple curve plot (the plots will be regenerated beginning with the first curve). F5=CURSOR: The data cursor function allows you to examine the numerical values in your data. The X and Y data values of the current curve are printed below the lower left corner of the plot. The LEFT and RIGHT ARROW keys move the cursor. Press CTRL-ARROW keys for a faster cursor. Alternatively, you can drag the data cursor by holding down the LEFT MOUSE BUTTON and moving the MOUSE. If the cursor is near a LOCAL MAXIMUM in the data, selecting F1=LOCAL MAX will make the cursor jump to that maximum. If the cursor is near a LOCAL MINIMUM in the data, selecting F2=LOCAL MIN will make the cursor jump to that minimum. Each time you select F3=STORE, the current data values are appended to an ASCII data file that is automatically created in the default directory. For DATA FILE TYPE #1, the file name is the prefix of your data file with a ".CSR" extension. For DATA FILE TYPE #2, the file name is "PLOT.CSR". Press ESCAPE to quit the data CURSOR option. F6=MATH: This function provides several features. If you are plotting (P)olynomial or (A)utomatic curve fits, you will be shown the coefficients for the current curve (the plots will then be regenerated beginning with the first curve). The other F6=MATH options are not allowed for curve fits since you can modify the data first, and then perform the curve fit. S=SMOOTH will smooth the current data set by passing it once through a five point approximation algorithm. Data smoothing can remove jagged peaks often caused by signal noise. X=SCALE X AXIS and Y=SCALE Y AXIS allow you to multiply the current data set by some scaling value (for example, multiplying by -1 would invert the plotted values). This is especially useful for converting raw data (say volts) from data acquisition systems to engineering units. You can also add (or subtract) a constant offset to the data. If you are plotting multiple curves, the plots will be regenerated starting at the first curve. Press ESCAPE to quit the MATH option. F7=PRINT: This function allows you to generate hard copy of your plots, and save EGA or VGA plot screens to disk in PCX format. Any printers capable of emulating either an EPSON dot matrix or a HEWLETT PACKARD LaserJet are supported for hard copy. Note that many brands of printers can automatically emulate an EPSON printer (the IBM laser printer is an example). The printer MUST be connected to LPT1. The default options are H=HP LASERJET and L=LANDSCAPE. Select H=HP LASERJET or E=EPSON to choose the printer you want (be careful, since choosing the wrong type will cause garbage to be sent to the printer). Select L=LANDSCAPE to print your plot sideways, using the full paper size. Select P=PORTRAIT to print the plot straight on using half of the paper size. When you are ready, and the printer is turned on, select G=GO to print your plot. If you want to save an EGA or VGA plot to disk, instead of printing, press X=PCX. Your PCX files will be saved in the default directory with names of the form PLOT#.PCX, where # is a number that is incremented each time you save a screen (while the current session of PLOTTER is running). Many word processors can import PCX files as figures into documents. The prompt line at the bottom of the screen and the MOUSE CURSOR are automatically blanked while the plot is being sent to the printer or to disk. Press ESCAPE to quit the PRINT option. S: You are not prompted for this key, but pressing S will save all text on the plot screen to a file called PLOT.TXT. The text can be applied to any other plot screen by pressing L (see below). L: You are not prompted for this key, but pressing L will load and display the screen text stored by the S option above. Axis numbers and the data file name are not overwritten, but all your saved text is restored. This is handy if you have re-plotted, or are plotting multiple files that all require similar titles and labels. Q: You are not prompted for this key, but pressing Q will quit the plot screen and return IMMEDIATELY to the previous menu. Also, you can press Q as a curve is being generated to stop the plotting. RET=CONTINUE: This prompt is displayed in the lower right corner of the plot screen. When you are plotting multiple curves, press ENTER to continue to the next plot. After the last curve has been plotted, the RET=CONTINUE prompt is replaced with the ESCAPE=QUIT prompt. This keeps you from accidentally pressing ENTER too many times and quitting the plot screen before you are ready. Recall also that the LEFT MOUSE BUTTON is treated as an ENTER key press. ESCAPE=QUIT: This prompt is also displayed in the lower right corner of the screen. The ESCAPE key is the principal means of quitting each of the options described above. Press ESCAPE after the last curve has been plotted to quit the plot screen and return to the previous menu. Recall that, in general, the RIGHT MOUSE BUTTON is treated as ESCAPE. Also, you can press ESCAPE when a curve is being generated to stop the plotting. SHAREWARE PLOTTER is distributed as Shareware. Feel free to share the program and its files with others. However, if you continue to use PLOTTER, you must register the program by sending $19 US to: Robert Lindsay Wells, Ph.D. 1405 Lynn Avenue Clearwater, FL 34615 When you register, you will receive the latest version of PLOTTER, an instruction booklet, one free upgrade to any future version, an ASCII Text Editor as a bonus utility, and three months of technical support by telephone or E-Mail. AND FINALLY ... THE INEVITABLE DISCLAIMER Although all reasonable efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy of the algorithms used in PLOTTER, the author of this software makes no guarantee of, and takes no responsibility for, the correctness of the plots or the data presented by PLOTTER. Any decisions or judgements made by the user based on the plots or data output by PLOTTER are solely the responsibility of the user.